A basic reality awaited those who surrendered and were not shot: the dismal existence of a slave, with all of its pain, indignity, physical punishment and humiliation. For a brief while – though they were hunted – they had had a taste of self-government and freedom. Giving up had to have been indescribably bitter.

Samuel Sharpe’s movement was different: resistance on a dazzling scale. It was well organized, spread across a wide geographic area and inspired by Baptist salvation thinking. More than 30,000 enslaved people were eventually brought into a plot rooted in nonviolent idealism that anticipated 20th century movements such as those led by Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the proponents of liberation theology in Latin America.

The question also had an ominous spiritual dimension. To which God would they submit? There was the one proclaimed by the Baptists who said they could no longer serve two masters, and that freedom was a birthright. And then there was the one of the Church of England who commanded them to obey their masters and serve in thankfulness and humility.

For enslaved people who had spent their entire lives under the shadow of the whip, without any military training of experience with guns, to one day pick up a firearm or a machete or even a rock and oppose a superior force must have taken an extraordinary level of nerve. The thirst for liberty was powerful enough to overcome even the fear of probable death.