[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"$fvUynGmNVBvQQrsXx6I3gfKytpKMT6Jd8gvXZol0toy4":3,"$f7uSbzW5fk-L5YLldMLA3JgHg7o4nThCIzfndprU8YjQ":59},{"author":4,"tags":50},{"author_id":5,"author_name":6,"author_name_first_letter":7,"article_count":8,"bio":9,"short_bio":10,"bio_jsonld":11,"slug":48,"image_url":49},30391,"Jung Chang","J",69,"In 1982, Jung Chang obtained a Ph.D. in linguistics, completing a course of study that had taken her from China to several institutions across Britain.\n\nBorn on 25 March 1952 in Yibin, Chang attended Shishi High School before going on to study at Sichuan University, where she also worked as an English language student and later as an assistant lecturer. She subsequently pursued further education in Britain, studying at SOAS, University of London, the University of West London, and the University of York. A citizen of the United Kingdom, she has lived in London and has worked across a range of fields, including as a writer, historian, biographer, autobiographer, poet, and linguist. She is also a user of English.\n\nHer writing career has produced several notable works. Wild Swans is among the books for which she is known, as is Mao: The Unknown Story, a biography she co-authored with Jon Halliday. She also wrote Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China, a work focused on one of the central figures of late imperial Chinese history. Across these titles, Chang has worked both as an autobiographer and as a historian and biographer, bringing different modes of inquiry to her subjects.\n\nHer work has been recognised with formal honours. She received the title Commander of the Order of the British Empire, along with an honorary doctorate. The Library of Congress lists her under the authorized heading \"Chang, Jung, 1952-\", reflecting her established presence in the catalogues of major research institutions. Those distinctions sit alongside a body of work that spans the Ph.D. in linguistics she completed in 1982 and the notable titles she has produced in the decades since.","In 1982, Jung Chang obtained a Ph.D. in linguistics, completing a course of study that had taken her from China to several institutions across Britain.",{"@graph":12,"@context":47},[13,24],{"@id":14,"name":6,"@type":15,"sameAs":16,"birthDate":22,"description":23},"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235291","Person",[14,17,18,19,20,21],"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Chang","https://viaf.org/viaf/9906407/","https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n86112793","https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL662333A","https://d-nb.info/gnd/119010836","1952-03-25","Chinese-British author (born 1952)",{"@type":25,"author":26,"headline":29,"isBasedOn":30,"mainEntity":31,"reviewedBy":32,"articleBody":9,"dateCreated":33,"dateModified":34,"additionalProperty":35,"creativeWorkStatus":46},"Article",{"name":27,"@type":28},"Editorial Team","Organization","Jung Chang — biography",[14,17,19,20],{"@id":14},{"name":27,"@type":28},"2026-05-24T07:36:50.734952+00:00","2026-05-24T07:44:07.858589+00:00",[36,40,43],{"@type":37,"value":38,"propertyID":39},"PropertyValue","Q235291","wikidata",{"@type":37,"value":41,"propertyID":42},"1.000","factscore",{"@type":37,"value":44,"propertyID":45},"claude-sonnet-4-6-r1","draftModel","AI-drafted, auto-published","https://schema.org","jung-chang",null,[51,55],{"tag_id":52,"tag_name":53,"tag_count":54},5530,"communism",7,{"tag_id":56,"tag_name":57,"tag_count":58},1251,"china",6,{"quotes":60,"pagination":122},[61,68,74,80,86,92,98,104,110,116],{"id":62,"quote_text":63,"author_id":5,"source_id":58,"has_image":64,"author":65,"source":66,"quote_tag":67,"commentary":49},3178695,"I wanted to look calm, and to let them know that they could not demoralize us. I had no fear or sense of humiliation, only contempt for them. What had turned people into monsters? What.",false,{"id":5,"author_name":6,"slug":48,"author_name_first_letter":7,"article_count":8,"image_url":49},{},[],{"id":69,"quote_text":70,"author_id":5,"source_id":58,"has_image":64,"author":71,"source":72,"quote_tag":73,"commentary":49},3178694,"This was what Moscow had intended: peasants must be coerced into doing things that left no way back into normal life. To “get them to join the revolution,” the Party had decreed, “there is only one way: use Red terror to prod them into doing things that leave them with no chance to make compromises later with the gentry and bourgeoisie.",{"id":5,"author_name":6,"slug":48,"author_name_first_letter":7,"article_count":8,"image_url":49},{},[],{"id":75,"quote_text":76,"author_id":5,"source_id":58,"has_image":64,"author":77,"source":78,"quote_tag":79,"commentary":49},3178693,"Every time she went home she found herself being criticized. She was accused of being “too attached to her family,” which was condemned as a “bourgeois habit,” and had to see less and less of her own mother.",{"id":5,"author_name":6,"slug":48,"author_name_first_letter":7,"article_count":8,"image_url":49},{},[],{"id":81,"quote_text":82,"author_id":5,"source_id":58,"has_image":64,"author":83,"source":84,"quote_tag":85,"commentary":49},3178692,"Mao’s instruction to exterminate grass had led to a constant demand for manpower bc of the grass’s obstinate nature.",{"id":5,"author_name":6,"slug":48,"author_name_first_letter":7,"article_count":8,"image_url":49},{},[],{"id":87,"quote_text":88,"author_id":5,"source_id":58,"has_image":64,"author":89,"source":90,"quote_tag":91,"commentary":49},3178691,"MAO TSE-TUNG, who for decades held absolute power over the lives of one-quarter of the world’s population, was responsible for well over 70 million deaths in peacetime, more than any other twentieth-century leader.",{"id":5,"author_name":6,"slug":48,"author_name_first_letter":7,"article_count":8,"image_url":49},{},[],{"id":93,"quote_text":94,"author_id":5,"source_id":58,"has_image":64,"author":95,"source":96,"quote_tag":97,"commentary":49},3178690,"The whole nation slid into doublespeak. Works became divorced from reality, responsibility, and people’s real thoughts. Lies were told with ease because words had lost their meanings-and had ceased to be taken seriously by others.",{"id":5,"author_name":6,"slug":48,"author_name_first_letter":7,"article_count":8,"image_url":49},{},[],{"id":99,"quote_text":100,"author_id":5,"source_id":58,"has_image":64,"author":101,"source":102,"quote_tag":103,"commentary":49},3178688,"One piece of information that made an impression on her was that individual Chinese lives mattered to the Westerners.",{"id":5,"author_name":6,"slug":48,"author_name_first_letter":7,"article_count":8,"image_url":49},{},[],{"id":105,"quote_text":106,"author_id":5,"source_id":58,"has_image":64,"author":107,"source":108,"quote_tag":109,"commentary":49},3178686,"The Chinese language is extremely hard to learn. It is the only major linguistic system in the world that does not have an alphabet; and it is composed of numerous complicated characters – ideograms – which have to be memorised one by one and, moreover, are totally unrelated to sounds.",{"id":5,"author_name":6,"slug":48,"author_name_first_letter":7,"article_count":8,"image_url":49},{},[],{"id":111,"quote_text":112,"author_id":5,"source_id":58,"has_image":64,"author":113,"source":114,"quote_tag":115,"commentary":49},3178684,"The idea was that everything personal was political; in fact, henceforth nothing was supposed to be regarded as ‘personal’ or private.",{"id":5,"author_name":6,"slug":48,"author_name_first_letter":7,"article_count":8,"image_url":49},{},[],{"id":117,"quote_text":118,"author_id":5,"source_id":58,"has_image":64,"author":119,"source":120,"quote_tag":121,"commentary":49},3178681,"When boys played “guerrilla warfare,” which was their version of cowboys and Indians, the enemy side would have thorns glued onto their noses and say “hello” all the time.",{"id":5,"author_name":6,"slug":48,"author_name_first_letter":7,"article_count":8,"image_url":49},{},[],{"currentPage":123,"totalPages":54,"totalItems":8,"itemsPerPage":124},1,10]