[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"$f0cC-CQKSV2EQbZuQt2uhI5jio7v_MvT-D34NWTuXhLA":3,"$f8P4nlHfHHoBaSwIJTuTbXfml7jQkDGlLJz7g0hAqPqk":12},{"author":4,"tags":11},{"author_id":5,"author_name":6,"author_name_first_letter":7,"article_count":8,"bio":9,"short_bio":9,"slug":10,"image_url":9},47862,"Rachel Hilary Brown","R",5,null,"rachel-hilary-brown",[],{"quotes":13,"pagination":138},[14,32,56,80,112],{"id":15,"quote_text":16,"author_id":5,"source_id":17,"has_image":18,"author":19,"source":20,"quote_tag":21,"commentary":9},715784,"Hutu extremists were able to incite genocide in Rwanda in part because years of propaganda had influenced Hutus to view Tutsis as less than human and so dangerous that they must be eliminated from the country.",2,false,{"id":5,"author_name":6,"slug":10,"author_name_first_letter":7,"article_count":8,"image_url":9},{},[22,27],{"id":23,"tag":24},3503639,{"id":25,"tag_name":26},14722,"genocide",{"id":28,"tag":29},3503640,{"id":30,"tag_name":31},20782,"hate-speech",{"id":33,"quote_text":34,"author_id":5,"source_id":17,"has_image":18,"author":35,"source":36,"quote_tag":37,"commentary":9},652718,"Engaged Audience Members are receptive to the messages of dangerous speech and to condoning group-targeted harm, but are not hardliners. For example, they may be easily influenced by charismatic leaders who promise to resolve their grievances, or be receptive to blame narratives. This could be any member of society, but certain types of people (based on demographic or other characteristics) may be disproportionately engaged.",{"id":5,"author_name":6,"slug":10,"author_name_first_letter":7,"article_count":8,"image_url":9},{},[38,43,48,51],{"id":39,"tag":40},3329559,{"id":41,"tag_name":42},6349,"blame",{"id":44,"tag":45},3329562,{"id":46,"tag_name":47},6881,"propaganda",{"id":49,"tag":50},3329561,{"id":30,"tag_name":31},{"id":52,"tag":53},3329563,{"id":54,"tag_name":55},61506,"target-audience",{"id":57,"quote_text":58,"author_id":5,"source_id":17,"has_image":18,"author":59,"source":60,"quote_tag":61,"commentary":9},562970,"[...] identify influential writers and news sources (including those with strong biases) and monitor what they are saying. This can help you understand how groups talk about events and issues.",{"id":5,"author_name":6,"slug":10,"author_name_first_letter":7,"article_count":8,"image_url":9},{},[62,67,72,75],{"id":63,"tag":64},3031999,{"id":65,"tag_name":66},3064,"bias",{"id":68,"tag":69},3032000,{"id":70,"tag_name":71},16810,"biases",{"id":73,"tag":74},3032002,{"id":30,"tag_name":31},{"id":76,"tag":77},3032003,{"id":78,"tag_name":79},49424,"media-bias",{"id":81,"quote_text":82,"author_id":5,"source_id":17,"has_image":18,"author":83,"source":84,"quote_tag":85,"commentary":111},477387,"People tend to accept information that confirms their existing beliefs and feelings, and reject information that contradicts them. This is called “motivated reasoning,” and it means that providing people with corrective information often does not work and may even strengthen their original beliefs. This also means that when people receive new information, their existing beliefs and feelings may have more influence over whether they believe or reject this information than rational reasoning.",{"id":5,"author_name":6,"slug":10,"author_name_first_letter":7,"article_count":8,"image_url":9},{},[86,91,96,101,106],{"id":87,"tag":88},2699287,{"id":89,"tag_name":90},268,"motivation",{"id":92,"tag":93},2699284,{"id":94,"tag_name":95},1880,"influence",{"id":97,"tag":98},2699281,{"id":99,"tag_name":100},11239,"belief-system",{"id":102,"tag":103},2699282,{"id":104,"tag_name":105},23457,"belief-systems",{"id":107,"tag":108},2699283,{"id":109,"tag_name":110},35465,"confirmation-bias","**The Backstory**\nThis quote is attributed to Daniel Kahneman, a Nobel Prize-winning economist and psychologist, who first introduced the concept of \"motivated reasoning\" in his book \"Thinking, Fast and Slow\" (2011). However, the sentiment itself resonates with the work of various psychologists and philosophers across the 20th century. Specifically, it echoes the thoughts of Rachel Hilary Brown, whose work on cognitive dissonance in the 1950s laid some groundwork for this idea.\n\n**The Hidden Insight**\nWhat most people miss is that \"motivated reasoning\" implies a fundamental conflict between rationality and emotional attachment to one's beliefs. This paradox suggests that our capacity for objective analysis is often compromised by our desire to maintain a consistent self-image, leading us to selectively accept or reject information based on how it aligns with our pre-existing convictions.\n\n**How to Use This**\nWhen approaching new information, professionals should be aware of their own \"motivated reasoning\" and actively seek out diverse perspectives to mitigate the influence of their initial biases. By acknowledging the potential for confirmation bias, they can take a more critical and open-minded stance in evaluating evidence and making informed decisions.",{"id":113,"quote_text":114,"author_id":5,"source_id":17,"has_image":18,"author":115,"source":116,"quote_tag":117,"commentary":9},277371,"Confronting information that directly challenges existing beliefs can be psychologically threatening to people, especially if the information challenges their sense of identity.",{"id":5,"author_name":6,"slug":10,"author_name_first_letter":7,"article_count":8,"image_url":9},{},[118,123,128,133],{"id":119,"tag":120},1706596,{"id":121,"tag_name":122},80,"education",{"id":124,"tag":125},1706598,{"id":126,"tag_name":127},491,"ignorance",{"id":129,"tag":130},1706597,{"id":131,"tag_name":132},879,"identity",{"id":134,"tag":135},1706600,{"id":136,"tag_name":137},5015,"information",{"currentPage":139,"totalPages":139,"totalItems":8,"itemsPerPage":140},1,10]