Ernest Hemingway was an American novelist, short-story writer, and war correspondent whose work appeared across fiction and journalism throughout the first half of the twentieth century.

Born on July 21, 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois, Hemingway built a career that moved between the roles of reporter, journalist, and novelist. He worked as a war correspondent, a position that placed him in proximity to the conflicts of his era and that ran alongside his output as a writer of fiction. During his lifetime he published seven novels and six collections of short stories, along with two works of non-fiction — a body of work produced in English that earned him the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954.

The recognition from Stockholm came relatively late in a career already marked by sustained productivity. After his death, the publication of his work continued: three novels, four collections of short stories, and three non-fiction autobiographical works appeared posthumously, extending the reach of a literary output that had accumulated steadily across several decades. That a substantial portion of his writing reached readers only after he was gone suggests the extent to which manuscript work accompanied the published record throughout his life.

Hemingway died on July 2, 1961, in Ketchum, Idaho, by suicide, less than three weeks before what would have been his sixty-second birthday. The arc from Oak Park to Ketchum enclosed a career defined by the dual disciplines of journalism and fiction — reporting that demanded compression and immediacy, and novels and short stories that worked across similar registers. The recurring conjunction of those two modes, the journalistic and the literary, and the sustained presence of non-fiction writing alongside invented narrative, characterizes the shape of the work he left behind, both in what appeared during his lifetime and in what followed after his death.