Marcus Aurelius
Marcus Aurelius: A Stoic Philosopher and Roman Emperor
Full Name and Common Aliases
Marcus Aurelius, born as Marcus Annius Verus, is often referred to simply as Marcus Aurelius. He is also known by his full imperial title, Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus. In the realm of philosophy, he is frequently called the "Philosopher King" due to his profound contributions to Stoic philosophy.
Birth and Death Dates
Marcus Aurelius was born on April 26, 121 AD, and he passed away on March 17, 180 AD. His life spanned a period of significant transformation within the Roman Empire, and his reign is often considered the last of the "Five Good Emperors."
Nationality and Profession(s)
Marcus Aurelius was a Roman by nationality. He served as the Roman Emperor from 161 AD until his death in 180 AD. Beyond his role as a statesman and military leader, he is celebrated as a Stoic philosopher, whose writings have influenced countless generations.
Early Life and Background
Marcus Aurelius was born into a prominent and affluent family in Rome. His father, Marcus Annius Verus, was a praetor, and his mother, Domitia Lucilla, came from a wealthy and influential family. After his father's early death, Marcus was raised by his grandfather and received an education befitting a future leader. He was adopted by his uncle, Emperor Antoninus Pius, at the behest of Emperor Hadrian, which set him on the path to the throne.
From a young age, Marcus was drawn to philosophy, particularly Stoicism. He studied under several prominent tutors, including the Stoic philosopher Junius Rusticus, who profoundly influenced his thinking. This early exposure to Stoic principles shaped his character and leadership style, emphasizing duty, rationality, and the importance of virtue.
Major Accomplishments
Marcus Aurelius ascended to the throne in 161 AD, initially co-ruling with his adoptive brother, Lucius Verus. His reign was marked by military conflicts, including the Parthian War and the Marcomannic Wars, which tested his leadership and strategic acumen. Despite these challenges, he managed to maintain stability and security within the empire.
One of his significant accomplishments was his commitment to justice and the welfare of his people. He worked to reform the legal system, ensuring that it was more equitable and accessible. His reign is often remembered for its relative peace and prosperity, despite the external pressures faced by the empire.
Notable Works or Actions
Marcus Aurelius is best known for his work "Meditations," a series of personal writings that reflect his Stoic philosophy. Written in Greek during his military campaigns, "Meditations" offers insights into his thoughts on duty, virtue, and the nature of the universe. The work is not only a testament to his philosophical beliefs but also a guide for personal conduct and leadership.
His actions as an emperor were guided by his philosophical principles. He was known for his humility, sense of duty, and commitment to the common good. His leadership style was characterized by a focus on rational decision-making and a deep sense of responsibility towards his subjects.
Impact and Legacy
Marcus Aurelius's impact extends far beyond his reign as emperor. His philosophical writings have been studied and revered for centuries, influencing thinkers, leaders, and ordinary individuals alike. "Meditations" remains a cornerstone of Stoic philosophy and is considered one of the greatest works of spiritual and ethical reflection.
His legacy as a ruler is equally significant. He is often cited as an exemplar of the philosopher-king, a concept that has inspired political thought throughout history. His reign is remembered as a period of relative stability and prosperity, and his commitment to justice and virtue set a standard for future leaders.
Why They Are Widely Quoted or Remembered
Marcus Aurelius is widely quoted and remembered for his profound insights into human nature and the art of living. His writings offer timeless wisdom on how to navigate the challenges of life with grace and integrity. The principles he espoused—such as the importance of self-discipline, the acceptance of fate, and the pursuit of virtue—resonate with people across cultures and eras.
His ability to balance the demands of leadership with his philosophical pursuits makes him a unique figure in history. Marcus Aurelius's life and works continue to inspire those seeking to lead with wisdom and live with purpose. His enduring influence is a testament to the power of philosophy to shape not only individual lives but also the course of history.
Quotes by Marcus Aurelius
Marcus Aurelius's insights on:
No form of nature is inferior to art; for the arts merely imitate natural forms. – Variant: There is no nature which is inferior to art, the arts imitate the nature of things.
I am called to man’s labour; why then do I make a difficulty if I am going out to do what I was born to do and what I was brought into the world for?
If it’s in your control, why do you do it? If it’s in someone else’s control, then who are you blaming? Atoms? The gods? Stupid either way. Blame no one. Set people straight, if you can. If not, just repair the damage.
Life is short. That’s all there is to say. Get what you can from the present – thoughtfully, justly.
From my grandfather’s father, I learned to dispense with attendance at public schools, and to enjoy good teachers at home, and to recognize that on such things money should be eagerly spent.
External things are not the problem. It’s your assessment of them. Which you can erase right now.
If it’s time for you to go, leave willingly – as you would to accomplish anything that can be done with grace and honor.