Matthew Dobson was a British physician and physiologist of the eighteenth century whose career unfolded within the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Born on 1 January 1732, though some sources place his birth in 1735, Dobson pursued work that placed him at the intersection of medicine and physiology. The uncertainty surrounding his birth year reflects the sometimes fragmentary nature of the historical record for figures of his era, yet the broad contours of his professional life remain traceable. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, a distinction that marked recognition by one of the most established scientific bodies of his time.

Dobson died on 1 January 1784, a date that coincidentally mirrored the day of his birth. His dual standing as both a physician and a physiologist suggests a practice that engaged with the body not only in a clinical capacity but also in terms of its underlying functions and processes. These twin orientations — toward the treatment of patients and toward the systematic study of bodily life — define the professional identity that the available record preserves. His fellowship in the Royal Society stands as the clearest institutional marker of his standing among the scientific community of Georgian Britain.