Andrew Johnson

#### Full Name and Common Aliases

Andrew Johnson was born on December 29, 1808, in Raleigh, North Carolina, to Jacob and Mary "Polly" McDonough Johnson. He went by various aliases throughout his life, including "Andy," but "Andrew Johnson" remains the most widely recognized.

Birth and Death Dates

December 29, 1808 - July 31, 1875

Nationality and Profession(s)

Nationality: American
Profession(s): Politician, Tailor, Statesman

Early Life and Background

Johnson was born into a poor family in Raleigh. His early life was marked by hardship and struggle. After his father's death when Andrew was just three years old, he moved with his family to Greeneville, Tennessee. Growing up, Johnson received little formal education but developed a passion for reading. He eventually became an apprentice tailor at the age of 10.

Major Accomplishments

Johnson's rise to prominence began in 1827 when he won election to the Tennessee State House of Representatives. His subsequent elections to the U.S. Congress (1841-1853) and the U.S. Senate (1853-1862) solidified his reputation as a capable leader. In 1862, Johnson became Governor of Tennessee under President Abraham Lincoln's Reconstruction plan.

Following Lincoln's assassination in April 1865, Johnson was sworn into office as the 17th President of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. His presidency marked a tumultuous period for the nation, with debates over civil rights, states' rights, and the role of government.

Notable Works or Actions

Johnson's most notable action during his presidency was his opposition to the Reconstruction amendments (the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments) aimed at ensuring equal rights for African Americans. He vetoed several key pieces of legislation designed to protect their rights, including the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Freedmen's Bureau Bill.

Johnson also oversaw a series of pardons for former Confederates, which some have criticized as lenient, while others praise it as an attempt at reconciliation. His leadership style was often described as autocratic and confrontational.

Impact and Legacy

Andrew Johnson's legacy is complex and multifaceted. While he supported the abolition of slavery and opposed secession, his presidency also marked a significant setback for civil rights and social justice. The tensions surrounding Reconstruction and Johnson's actions have been widely debated by historians.

Johnson's personal life was marred by controversy as well, including a scandalous affair with a woman named Eliza McCardle after he married her in 1827. This marriage would last until his death.

Why They Are Widely Quoted or Remembered

Andrew Johnson remains a pivotal figure in American history due to his tumultuous presidency and the significance of Reconstruction. His quotes and writings continue to offer insights into his perspective on governance, politics, and social justice. Despite criticism for his actions, Johnson's leadership continues to inspire both praise and censure from scholars and historians today.

His famous line "I can see no reason why I should be held accountable to the Senate" exemplifies the tension between executive power and legislative oversight during his presidency. The nuances of Johnson's legacy remind us that historical figures are often multifaceted, embodying contradictions rather than straightforward narratives.